State and Perspectives of Pedagogical Competencies for Clinical Simulation using Virtual and Augmented Reality

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Abstract

Introduction: Although virtual reality and augmented reality have revolutionized clinical simulation, their implementation faces challenges such as limited faculty preparation, high integration costs, and resistance to change within educational institutions.

Objective: To identify the current state and perspectives of pedagogical competencies for clinical simulation using virtual and augmented reality.

Methods: This study was based on a systematic literature review following the PRISMA method. A systematic search was conducted in scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Dialnet. To optimize the accuracy of study selection, key terms such as “pedagogical competencies,” “clinical simulation,” “virtual reality,” “augmented reality,” and “health sciences education” were combined using Boolean operators.

Results: The results show that virtual reality and augmented reality enhance clinical simulation by promoting the development of technical skills, critical thinking, and decision-making. This educational impact depends on the strengthening of teachers’ pedagogical competencies; however, limitations related to infrastructure, technology, and the lack of standardized evaluation criteria persist, highlighting the need for faculty training.

Conclusions: Virtual reality and augmented reality consolidate clinical simulation as an innovative strategy in health sciences education; however, their educational impact depends on strengthening teachers’ pedagogical competencies and overcoming challenges related to training, infrastructure, and technology.

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Published

2026-01-21

How to Cite

1.
Suárez Lima GJ, Hidalgo Arce CJ, Izquierdo-Medina R, Valcárcel Izquierdo N, Borges Oquendo L de la C. State and Perspectives of Pedagogical Competencies for Clinical Simulation using Virtual and Augmented Reality. Educación Médica Superior [Internet]. 2026 Jan. 21 [cited 2026 Mar. 29];40. Available from: https://ems.sld.cu/index.php/ems/article/view/5063

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Artículos de revisión